An Initial Link Effect On Gambling Behavior - 2357 Words

Suboptimal choice: An initial link effect on gambling behaviour Introduction Human gambling often involves the decision to choose a low probability pay off, with the illusion of gaining quick and easy money, over a high probability pay off. This reflects a form of suboptimal choice behaviour. Suboptimal choice refers to the choice that does not result in the highest overall reinforcement one could achieve. The probability of actually winning is slim to none when gambling, but these behaviours are significantly popular. One of the most insidious behaviour humans engage in is compulsive gambling, which had been associated with several negative outcomes for the compulsive gambler and their loved ones. Thus, it is important to understand why humans make suboptimal choices and ultimately know how to reduce the probability of such choices to occur (Fantino, Navarro, O’daly, 2005). Research on this topic aims to investigate the underlying mechanisms involved such as the environmental factors influencing suboptimal behaviour, and the behavioural process in ma king decisions. Several animal studies have been used to investigate the underlying mechanisms of this suboptimal choice behaviour (Cowie, Davison, Elliffe, 2011; Gipson, Alessandri, Zentall, 2009; Jimenez-Gomez Shahan, 2012; McDevitt, Dunn, Spetch, Ludvig, 2016; Spetch, Mondloch, Belke, Dunn, 1994; Stagner Zentall, 2010; Zentall, 2014). The use of animal studies is particularly powerful in modeling similarShow MoreRelatedAnimal s Ability Foraging Theory1663 Words   |  7 Pagesbehaviour, for instance, optimal foraging theory (Pyke, 1984) argues that an animal s ability forage ultimately effects there overall evolutionary fitness in terms of ability to survive and the ability for the genes to be passed on. Therefore, choosing risky behaviour would ultimately be a deficit to their survival. However rather Paradoxically, animals do indulge in very similar gambling behaviours to that seen in humans (Stagner Zentall, 2010). Gipson, Alessandri, Miller, and Zentall (2009)wasRead MoreEssay on Neurobiological Mechanisms for Alcoholism1235 Words   |  5 Pagesgene, while not fully supported by subsequent studies, is illustrative of many observations that the brain chemistry of alcoholics is different from nonalcoholics.1 The acute effects of alcohol on the brain result mainly from its effects on the postsynaptic receptor sites for various neurotransmitters.2 The depressant effects of alcohol arise from its action on GABA-A receptors, the principal postsynaptic receptors for the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. When stimulated by GABA, these receptorsRead MoreLearning : A Whole New World Of Opportunities Up1251 Words   |  6 Pagesmajor styles of learning, classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning, that humans are able to retain information. First off, learning is often defined as the act of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors that results from practice or experience (Myers, 2008). Without the ability to learn, there would be no society that thrived for improvement, people would be stagnant and not really know what to do. It is almost impossible to envision a world inRead MoreDrug Addiction And Its Psychological Approach3081 Words   |  13 Pagesin drug use showed signs of irregular personality, poor impulse control and emotional agitation. Neurobiological processes relevant to drug addiction focused significantly upon limbic subcortical structures to help develop knowledge upon drug use effects on the brain. An incorporated representation of drug dependence that encompasses intoxication, bingeing, withdrawal, and craving is projected. Images reveal that neuroimaging studies on behavioral, cognitive and emotional components that are at theRead MoreVideo Games And Its Effects2558 Words   |  11 Pagesadvancing technology. Although frequent video gaming is associated to some extent with improved learning and cognitive processes, the overall effects tend to be negative. First, video gaming impacts the academic performance of a learner negatively and reduces attention. Secondly, playing violent video game frequently is positively associated with aggression behaviors. The aim of the study is to identify whether video gaming impact on the academic performance of a student. In addition, the study exploresRead MoreTechnology And The Interrupted Brain Seeks Out A Professional1776 Words   |  8 Pagesefficiency and quick access makes it hard to turn our attention away from these holy grail of gimmicks. Looking from a biological perspective, many negatives are arising from addictive internet use, such as chemical imbalances and even a decrease in links between various regions of the brain. For example, internet use is linked to poor sleeping patterns. Adolescents are prone to using the internet before going to bed at night whether it is for homework, games or social media. I, myself, have a tendencyRead Moreâ€Å" Anorexia Nervosa † Research Paper3155 Words   |  13 Pagespeople with the diagnosis are male. Anorexia nervosa, involving neurobiological, psychological, and social components, is a complex condition that can lead to death in severe cases. The term anorexia is of Greek origin: a (prefix of negation), n (link between two vowels) and orexis (appetite), thus meaning of a lack of desire to eat. â€Å"Anorexia Nervosa† is frequently shortened to â€Å"anorexia† in the popular media. This is technically incorrect, as the term â€Å"anorexia† used separately refers to theRead More Digital Essay2588 Words   |  11 Pagesvisual forms. The works of Lev Manovich and Dr. Simon Cook use a revisionist approach to examine the past century and a half of visual forms. In his â€Å"Late Victorian Reasoning and a Modern History of Vision,† Dr. Cook attempts to prove a link between the late-Victorian visual forms and the â€Å"new vision† (including Modernist art) that Manovich observed in the early half of the twentieth century. In his work, Lev Manovich traces the relationship from â€Å"new vision† to the computer and new mediaRead MoreA Report of Marketing in-Store Influences on Impulsive Purchase Behaviour2789 Words   |  12 Pages Thus effective shopper marketing can give great opportunities to marketers to reach consumers and stimulate consumption. In this logic the store is a critical and highly attractive touch point to reach and influence consumers. Understanding the effects and the stimuli behind the in-store purchases is vitally important for marketers to create strategies tha t will encourage unplanned purchases and that will stimulate the impulsive one. Retailers and marketers design shops with the intent of enhancingRead MoreRoles, Responsibilities, and Boundaries as a Teacher3684 Words   |  15 Pagesabilities of my students and would be helpful for my own self evaluation. 1. Identifying needs: this will start with the initial face to face contact with potential learners/students which is considered the most important as this will create the very first steps of building a bond with the learner/student. This will be a major step in understanding their needs and recognising

Leadership Reflection - 811 Words

This paper reflects on the following questions: What do you think is your passion? Why do you say this is your passion, as it may be manifested in your personality, personal history and lineage? --- As I was reflecting on this intently, I came across this online article from Harvard Business Review where Peter Drucker, one of the most influential people in the area of modern management, talked about the topic on managing oneself. And an excerpt from this article below quite interests me the most. â€Å"Most people think they know what they are good at. They are usually wrong. More often, people know what they are not good at—and even then more people are wrong than right. And yet, a person can perform only from strength. One cannot†¦show more content†¦But there is only one occupation that I felt comfortable with – teaching, a profession which my mother had been her entire life. On my end, 5 years in the academe from 1997 to 2002 somehow made me feel that I was contributing to society. And I believe I am good at it. I still do teach and facilitate trainings now on the subject of project management, and I still find it a fulfilling endeavour. Indeed, teaching is a noble profession, such that when circumstances dictated that bringing up a family is a priority in 2002, I allowed myself to explore the possibility of corporate employment. To me, it seemed that everything that I have a passion for – creating music or teaching , is either financially unstable or unattainable, and I â€Å"settled† on a career choice rather than choosing one. However, I believe that a person’s passion shifts over time and is neither destined, nor fixed. I know I will have to shift with it in order to achieve my personal fulfilment and success. I have seen this shift, and from the pattern of events that are transpiring – working from manufacturing to information technology, then to banking – my inclination is to achieve a profession where the nature of the role will be to help people, and overall contribute to society. I will have to â€Å"manage myself where I can make the greatestShow MoreRelatedReflection Of A Reflective Leadership Retreats1084 Words   |  5 Pagestemporary escapes create intentional time for individuals to reflect and assess their daily circumstances from a different perspective. Reflective leadership retreats can result in valuable insights for both individuals and groups. Description of Leadership Retreat Dreher Park in West Palm Beach, Florida served as the backdrop for the seven-hour leadership retreat that I took part in along with Mark Giarrizzo, Geralda Joseph, and Erik Thebeau on Sunday, November 16, 2014. During this full-day retreatRead MoreLeadership Reflection On Leadership And Leadership2843 Words   |  12 Pages Leadership Reflection Vincent E. M. Panuccio COM 610 Leadership Due: Dec 13, 2014 I’ve learned that there is no one leader in any team. There are many different things that someone can do within a team to be a leader and show their leadership skills. To me leadership is when someone in a team passes along knowledge or skills to someone else in the team. This knowledge or skill passed along must be beneficial and must be new knowledge and a new experience for theRead MoreReflection on Leadership1795 Words   |  7 Pages Leadership is defined as a process of increased social influence that exploits the efforts of others to accomplish certain goals or vision. It is derived from social influence, and not power or authority. Leaders motivate, inspire, convince, and coach others towards a certain vision. Leadership dwells on emotional intelligence that is the ability to manage oneself and one’s relationships. Emotional intelligence is achieved through social skill, self-awareness, self-management, and social-awarenessRead MoreLeadership Reflection Paper : Leadership851 Words   |  4 PagesLeadership Reflection Paper Leadership truly begins with understanding your strengths and is a continual process of learning how to use those strengths to influence others (Griffiths, 2014). To understand leadership the word leader has to be examined. Webster describes a leader as a guide, a person who has commanding authority or influence. Additionally, a leader must possess specific qualities and characteristics to be classified a great leader. I will future delve into these qualities andRead MorePersonal Reflection On Leadership And Leadership2297 Words   |  10 Pagesthis reflection is to expose critically how I could evaluate my own experience with relation to the theories and ideas about Leadership. In other words, how this lecture and insights changed my personal notion, as well, how I could amplify my knowledge about this subject. But I assume that the most important is to demonstrate how the application of Leadership skill is relevant in my career in the future. I have chosen three topics I thought was more relevant to develop my personal reflections connectingRead MorePersonal Reflection On Leadership And Leadership2162 Words   |  9 Pagesthis reflection is to expose critically how I could evaluate my own experience with relation to the theories and ideas about Leadership. In other words, how this lecture and insights changed my personal notion, as well, how I could amplify my knowledge about this subject. But I assume that the most important is to demonstrate how the application of Leadership skill is relevant in my career in the future. I have chosen three topics I thought was more relevant to develop my personal reflections connectingRead MoreA Reflection On Strategic Leadership1276 Words   |  6 PagesA Reflection in Strategic leadership Before coming to USAWC I think that my experience and knowledge gained during the twenty-five years of service is an important quality to possess. At one point I thought: â€Å"A few years until retirement, and probably no special secrets for me to discover during academic year. I can only confirm what I know, gained some new knowledge and meet a bunch of interesting people before returning home. Much to my surprise, already after the first reading and discussionRead MoreThe Leadership Styles - Reflection1361 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership Styles - Reflection 1. Charismatic Leaders I d just like to start off by saying that charisma isn t always a positive thing. Some charismatic leaders do some pretty awful things. Take Jim Jones, for example - a leader of a troubled cult called the People s Temple. He used his charisma to brainwash them (really, there isn t a better word. He quite literally brainwashed them, playing his voice continually over a loudspeaker that was broadcasted around the entire town.) He leads themRead MoreReflection On Nursing Leadership1284 Words   |  6 PagesReflection on Nursing Leadership Leadership is often defined as the process of â€Å"influencing the thinking and action of others with respect to achieving a goal† (Gaudine Lamb, 2015, p. 2). This paper focuses on interactional theories, specifically transformational leadership, which involves the leader creating and providing a vision and influencing followers to achieve the goals, exhibiting enthusiasm and optimism (Gaudine Lamb, 2015). To be an effective leader, one must exhibit a transformationalRead MoreReflection Paper On Leadership1345 Words   |  6 PagesReflection Essay 1 In class, so far, we have discussed many different topics about leadership. One being different leadership theories. The one that I feel most represents the leader I want to be in the future is servant leadership. When we discussed servant leadership it was defined as this leadership model is based on the leader and the followers wanting to serve others. Basically, this means the servant leader you put your focus on the needs of others before your own. The followers goal

Maintain Positive Attitude

Question: Write an essay on Maintain Positive Attitude? Answer: Maintain positive attitude To maintain a positive attitude is very difficult because the negative thing is always around in mind to decrease strength. The two ways to change negativity always is NIL positive as well as towards a healthy life (Meng, 2010). Surround yourself with positive people: The big impact is the people something like you. They impact what are the values, who are you, and thinking. The reverse is also true. Surround yourself with negative people as well as will be extra negative. Exercise: One is the best way to maintain the positive attitude is making a habit to an exercise few equipment in life influence time and exercise. Clearly it creates various for physical health, other than it also has important advantages to mental health. It is helpful to fight hopelessness as well as to improve in general positive mood (Meng, 2010). Why an organization would allow Here are the five methods that managers can make a situation where the project is encouraged as well as valued by empowering workers plus satisfying them for their labors (Tha and Khin, 2015). Be a role model Approve teams to create decisions Give a positive, hopeful environment Distinguish labors even if they fail. Reward achievement Learning method Learning Styles Many people distinguish that every person prefers various techniques as well as learning styles. Learning Styles group ordinary habits that people study. Everybody has a mix of learning methods. Mainly seven styles are present Visual, Aural, Verbal, Physical, Logical, Social, and Solitary (Psotta and Martin, 2011). You have individual relationships with each type of person with family associates, spouse, co-employers, friends, classmates, as well as teachers yet with your bus driver. Learning styles act as a part of your everyday connections with each the person in the life. By seeming more cautiously at learning methods can beginning to appreciate why you may sense, believe, as well as the act in response to others insure methods. Knowing about the power of learning method is significant to success in learning. With exacting learning method having sure likes as well as unlike in how you study. Learning style decided to how you appreciate the information (Momm, Blickle and Liu, 2013). Math skills study For success the many math skills are present like as active study to attend class in every day as well as complete task in every day, take responsibility for study, active participant in the classroom, ask question in teacher as well as good study habit throughout the whole semester. To improved math skills Successfully reviewing as well as studying for math lessons other than testing needed your devoted work plus practice, to get accepting. Shortcuts technique, as well as Calculators, can help, but only if you apply them correctly as when explaining your work in a positive way, as necessary, not just the answer writing (Momm, Blickle and Liu, 2013). Hardest part of math Calculus is one of the very hard and also is difficult to algebraic geometry. This topic is doing not understand the student, so this is very difficult (Tha and Khin, 2015). References Meng, A. (2010). Positive Attitude: A Guarantee for Success in Employment. Asian Social Science, 6(5). Momm, T., Blickle, G. and Liu, Y. (2013). Political skill and emotional cue learning via voices: a training study. J Appl Soc Psychol, 43(11), pp.2307-2317. Psotta, R. and Martin, A. (2011). Changes in decision-making skill and skill execution in soccer performance: The intervention study. Acta Gymnica, pp.7-15. Tha, M., and Khin, N. (2015). Learning Styles of Undergraduate Medical Students: Using the Kolb Learning Style Inventory. MedEdPublish.

Siblings direct and indirect contributions to Child

Children who grow with their siblings acquire numerous functional skills. Nevertheless, not every acquired skill is helpful to them. As children grow with their siblings, direct and indirect influence is inevitable. Therefore, this paper seeks to summarize in a simplest way possible the direct and indirect contributions of siblings to child development. In addition, it seeks to present new things that are learnt, what is surprising, and what is interesting from the article.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Siblings’ direct and indirect contributions to Child specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Siblings influence one another in various ways as they interact; the influence is either positive or negative depending on the behavior acquired. This interaction affects child’s mental activities, language, and awareness of other peoples’ likes and dislikes; they also learn values which are accepted by the society. Edward asserts that â€Å"siblings play a role in promoting this ability to reflect on the mind of others and to begin to gain an understanding of other’s actions and thoughts† (8). When older siblings learn to simplify household tasks, they teach the younger ones which benefit them significantly. This creates a rapport within the family and during the conflict, siblings will stand united. Nonetheless, senior siblings directly disseminate negative behavior on the younger ones. For instance, when older siblings learn negative behavior and consequently, teach their younger ones; this has a direct impact on their psychological capacity and behavioral wise. This is the reason why siblings require close watch by their parents. Elderly siblings contribute indirectly to the development of their younger siblings in many ways. For example, if older siblings assume teaching roles and accordingly improve academically as well as in keeping good relationships, such siblin gs are loved by parents and teacher; this creates an impression on the parents that the subsequent siblings will demonstrate equal capacities. This anticipation makes the parent to treat younger siblings with much expectation. The way some siblings are treated by their parents, affects other siblings. Those siblings who receive less attention from their parents are found to have behavior problems than those who are well attended. Child’s individual understanding of how parent treat other siblings is essential for their development. This article has generated different feelings, which cannot be ignored. From this article I have learnt that older children influence parenting roles which determine how they treat the subsequent children. I have also become conscious that siblings improve their capabilities by serving their young ones though this should be under the watch of parents because if this occupies them a lot they may fail in other obligations.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It’s surprising how siblings shape one another character as they grow. When the older siblings learn good behavior, they pass this to their young ones and without being aware they influence their development. However, it is necessary to scrutinize other factors that may contribute to the child’s development besides siblings and parents. For example, religion contribution in the child’s development is an area to be considered. This is because children who are born in a religious family acquire traits that are in accordance with that religion. Works Cited Edward, Joyce. The Sibling Relationship: A force for Growth and Conflict, United Kingdom: Jahnson Aronson, 2011. Print. This essay on Siblings’ direct and indirect contributions to Child was written and submitted by user Geraldine Flynn to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

psychophysics essays

psychophysics essays The Weber -Fechner Principle: An Approximate psychological law relating the degree of response or sensation of a sense organ and the intensity of the stimulus. The law asserts that equal increments of sensation are associated with equal increments of the logarithm of the stimulus, or that the just noticeable difference in any sensation results from a change in the stimulus, which bears a constant ratio to the value of the stimulus. Weber was the first German anatomist and physiologist to introduce the concept of the just-noticeable difference, which is the smallest observable difference between two similar stimuli. From 1818 until 1871 Weber was a professor at the University of Leipzig. Weber is best known for his work on the sensory response to weight, temperature, and pressure. Weber stated that, in order for any increase in the intensity of the stimulus a threshold of sensation must be passed. This increase would create the just-noticeable difference. The ratio Weber discovered was the total intensity of sensation, rather than an absolute figure. Greater weight had to be added to heavier objects in order for the person to notice the change. Weber's observations were formed mathematically by Gustav Theodor Fechner, which he later called Weber's law. Fechner was a German physicist and philosopher; he was an influential figure in the development of psychophysics. He was concerned with the quantitative relations between sensations and the stimuli producing them. When Fechner was 16, he began medical school at the University of Leipzig where he studied anatomy under Weber. Fechner upon graduation discovered his interested lead more toward physics and mathematics than medicine. Fechner by the end of the 1830's had written several papers on the perception of complementary and subjective colors. In 1840 his article on subjective afterimages w ...

The Chemical Composition of Human Sweat or Perspiration

The Chemical Composition of Human Sweat or Perspiration As you might imagine, human perspiration is mainly water. Have you ever wondered what else is in sweat? Heres a look at the chemical composition of perspiration and the factors that affect it. Why Do People Sweat? The main reason people perspire is so evaporation of water can cool the body. Therefore, it makes sense that the main component of perspiration is water. However, perspiration also plays a role in excretion of toxins and waste products. Sweat is chemically similar to plasma, but certain components are selectively retained or excreted. Variations in Perspiration Chemical Composition The chemical composition of perspiration varies between individuals and also depends on what they have been eating and drinking, why they are sweating, how long they have been perspiring, and several other factors. General Composition Perspiration consists of water, minerals, lactate, and urea. On average, the mineral composition is: Sodium (0.9 gram/liter)Potassium (0.2 g/l)Calcium (0.015 g/l)Magnesium (0.0013 g/l) Trace metals that the body excretes in sweat include: Zinc (0.4 milligrams/liter)Copper (0.3–0.8 mg/l)Iron (1 mg/l)Chromium (0.1 mg/l)Nickel (0.05 mg/l)Lead (0.05 mg/l) Sources Montain, S J, et al. â€Å"Sweat mineral-element responses during 7 h of exercise-heat stress.†Ã‚  International, U.S. National Library of Medicine, Dec. 2007.sportof journal  Ã‚  nutrition and exercise metabolism

Nintendo WII CASE Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nintendo WII CASE Study - Essay Example The analysis of the video game console depicts that the product has diverse marketing possibilities as it differs from one country to another. In Korea, the market was concentrated within the age group of 20years – 25 years and was comprised of predominantly female population. While in Japan, the target market was primarily male populace aged above 36 years (Lee & Et Al., â€Å"A Cross Sectional Market Segmentation of Online Game Industry using SOM†). Nintendo expects to widen the user base of the video games. Nintendo perceives that ‘Wii’ will be fun for all types of users irrespective of gender, age or ethnicity. The company says that it would target the non - users of the video game console and try to attract them in to the gaming world and do not aim to fight with Sony for the share of market (Gantayat, â€Å"Dragon Quest IX Q & A†). The SWOT analysis captures the strengths and weaknesses of the company along with opportunities and threats of the industry. The strengths include less expensive software and hardware along with the unique hardware motion detection where as the weaknesses of Wii of Nintendo are that only limited number of software could be selected and also there is a liability for joystick. The company can find opportunity in new users that include adults and seniors and also through deeper penetration in the European and Middle – Eastern markets. The major threat of the product is that the software developers are not satisfied with the reducing profit and also there are lack of software selection and sophistication with the games (Zimbio, â€Å"SWOT: Strength Weakness Opportunity Thread of Gaming Industry†). There is no doubt that the Nintendo Wii has taken the gaming world by storm since its launch. The major competitors of the Wii from Nintendo have been the Play Station series from Sony (PS2 and PS3) and the Microsoft XBox360. The differences in the marketing strategies of Nintendo and

Shamrock Convenient Store on Lake Wee,GA and Shamrock Convenient Store Essay

Shamrock Convenient Store on Lake Wee,GA and Shamrock Convenient Store #2 - Essay Example The strategic point implies that the set up cost is expected to be relatively high. The startup capital is estimated to be $600000 with stock taking a $500000. The remaining amount will be used in other expenses such are business registration, licenses and refurbishing the premises. Sales revenues are expected to grow by 15% for the next three years. The growth in sales will be used to offset debt obligations of the firm. As noted, the firm will use debt financing to start and operate. Despite the increase in expenses and taxes, the sales revenue will be high enough to offset the expenses and retain the high profit margin. The business will rely on debt financing to fund its operations for the first 3 months. After 3 months business operations will be funded from the sales proceeds. The implication here is that the business will be able to sustain itself. The business will start servicing its debt while maintain a degree of profitability. According to Levinson (2007), guerilla-marketing strategies are essential for small business since they are inexpensive and thus require a small marketing budget. The guerilla strategies aim at attracting the attention of the target audience. In this regard, the Shamrock Convenient Store will use the strategies to reach out to prospective customers. The strategies are advised by the fact that the convenience store targets the local population as well as travelers. Shamrock Convenient Store will use strategies such as legal graffiti, raising awareness on social media, word of mouth, and creating partnerships. Graffiti is important as it boosts visibility of the business and curiosity of the target audience. The business will identify some of the dirty walls within the neighborhood and clean them. The walls will then be painted with attractive colors with the stores logo and several of its products (Mumaw, 2011). By so doing, the community will appreciate the work done in cleaning the walls and also in painting. Painting

News As a Show Essay Example for Free

News As a Show Essay The mass media have provoked an important change in the way to inform. According to Jose Alberto Garcia Aviles (2003) www.boletinbit.tv/noticias/archivo/bit44_infotainment.htm the mix of information and entertainment is not a new phenomenon, it is known with the name of infotainment. The problem of this is that the majority of the news have become in a show. The main consequence of infotainment is that the information becomes in a business, where the citizens are the consumers. The Companies of Audiovisual information observes the target. Its objective is get much more audience to obtain much more money and to have less competence. My hypothesis about the news as a show is focused in catastrophes, accidents or personal tragedies inside TV, since these are the clearest example to know why nowadays the news are treated as a show. According to C.A.C (Audiovisual Council of Catalunya) www.audisualcat.net the news about catastrophes, accidents or personal tragedies provokes an emotional alteration towards people and the journalists. This kind of news creates public interest by means of solidarity and pain or morbid curiosity. The people have the need to know what has happened because they have a proximity feeling, of this way the Audiovisual Companies create a demand of information. The journalists and the Audiovisual Companies have the power of information. They have a big responsibility about this topic because they are who decide: to present a straight report on the events of the day or to broadcast the news as a show. To obtain more audience, they broadcast morbid images about catastrophes because they have much more impact in the persons. There are a connection between the morbid images and the proximity of people. If they emit these images, they get much more audience, as soon as it is a strategy of market because it is a way to compete with the others TV channels. My hypothesis studies the responsibility that the journalists and the audiovisual Companies have when they inform about tragic events. The problem is that while ones have right to inform and to be informed, others have right to hide its intimacy. The journalists and the Audiovisual Companies have to know the allowed limit to record a tragic event. They must minimize the effects of disaster and they must have conscience about the repercussion of its activity. REPERCUSSION The image is more impact than the voice. For this reason, the broadcasted news through TV affects much more to people. The journalists responsibility in TV is bigger than in others mass media; because a shocking image is very difficult forget it. The problem is that these images can be harmful to the victims, family, citizen, etc. If the broadcasted image is very morbid, provably it will have a seriously repercussion toward the family. Example: a morbid image of a boy hurt seriously in a war. Is very different to know that this boy has died, than see him to die. The family must be informed but it doesnt deserve more pain. SOLUTIONS The journalists and Audiovisual Companies must find the balance between right to inform and right to the intimacy when they emit information and images about catastrophes, accidents or personal tragedies. According to C.A.C (Audiovisual Council of Catalunya) www.audisualcat.net the journalists have the obligation to inform to people about their right to the intimacy. Sometimes the people dont know it and the journalists make the most of them. Others times the Authorities, who should inform, dont do it, therefore the journalists look for victims and affected people to cover the news. Informing about this topic is not easy, for that reason the Audiovisual Companies should help and give to the journalists, moral support to guarantee good information. Another possible solution could be dont emit information constantly because it can increase the tragic effects. As well, they should shun the repeated use of the same images and the information that doesnt contribute anything new. The journalists also should avoid the zooms, close-up, etc. because it implies much more to the people. The lexical used in the news is very important. They shouldnt use adjectives, common places. of a dramatic manner because it can frighten to the people. The broadcast of images reflecting hunger, pain, bitterness, poverty, etc. can provoke moral damages. Violent images EFFECTS AND CONSEQUENCES The most dominant mass media is the TV. The image is an important factor inside TV because a bad use of this can cause a lot of consequences. When the journalists inform about tragedies, many times broadcast very violent images. According to Potter (1999), this can provoke immediate effects or long-term effects: IMMEDIATE EFFECTS 1. DISINHIBITION: it is a behavioural effect (Potter, 1999). This effect is related with justification of violence. Potter et al. (1999, p.90) notes that: Retaliatory motives, such as revenge, appear to be the strongest in leading to disinhibition. The causal path may go from motives to justification to disinhibition. That is, when a motive legitimates the violence, that violence is regarded as justified, and viewers are more likely to exhibit a disinhibition effect. One of the most important features of the news is the objectivity. Its not the same to explain news from the point of view of society than from the perpetrator. The National Television Study, (in Potter, 1999) say that: Much of the violence is justified. It is because sometimes the violent news is broadcasted from the point of view of the perpetrator. Potter and Ware, 1987 (in Potter, 1999) affirm that: The amount of justification changes depending on the perspective from which it is judged. Potter and Ware (1987) found that 93% of violent instances were justified from the perspective of the perpetrator, not by society. Therefore, the point of view can determine the opinion of people. When the tragedies are justified, provoke to people a feeling of disinhibition because they can get to understand the perpetrator attitude. 2. FEAR: it is an emotional effect (Potter, 1999). The violent images can alter the life behaviour of people because this can create fear. The fear can cause a mental disorder and it can have serious consequences. The people live scared, thinking that they could be the next victims. 3. DESENSITIZATION: every day appears much more violence in the news. As a consequence, people get into the habit to see violent images. This habit provokes a lack of sensibility. People lose sensibility towards violent images. LONG-TERM EFFECTS 1. AGGRESSIVENESS: it is a behavioural effect (Potter, 1999). Potter et al. (1999, p.42) notes that: Exposure to violent portrayals in the media increases subsequent viewer aggression. The violence, doesnt affect of the same way to all people. It depends on the persons, family, background social, etc. There are people who are more sensitive towards violence and they can imitate it. The TV is a powerful mass media and it not only entertain also teaches us. The violent images of the TV can transmit aggressiveness to the people; even people can learn to behave aggressively (Potter, 1999). THE PRIMARY EFFECTS *According to Liebert an Schwartzberg, 1977 (in Potter, 1999) the direct imitation and disinhibition are primary effects. *According to The National Television Violence Study, 1997-1998 (in Potter, 1999) learning, desentization and fear also are primary effects. Violent images SITUATION IN ENGLAND AND OTHER COUNTRIES Many studies show that in the whole world there is a high index of violence in the television, and it is exposed of an antisocial manner (Potter, 1999). Potter et al. (1999, p.56) notes that: The United States leads the world in the prevalence of violence on television. Violence is less prevalent on TV in countries other than the United States. William, 1982 (in Potter, 1999) found: 18.5 acts of aggression per hour in North American Television. Furthermore the aggressive scenes were longer (Potter, 1999). Great Britain has a lot of violence in the news. According to Broadcasting Standards Council, 1993 (in Potter, 1999) The highest rate was found on national news (7,5 scenes per hour). According to Kapoor, 1994 (in Potter, 1999) Korea has very few violence compare to other countries since in general it has less than 8%. By other hand, according to Mustonen and Pulkkinen, 1993 (in Potter, 1999) Finland has the rate highest of violence in cartoons. It is because the majority of imported programs come of North America (Potter, 1999). Mustonen and Pulkkinen, 1993 (in Potter, 1999) say that: They attributed much of the aggression to importation from other countries According to Goonasekera Lock, 1990 (in Potter, 1999) in Asia, although there is less violence in the TV, it is much more blood and gloried. In Japan, the rate of violence is very similar to the American ones (Potter, 1999). Iwao, de Sola Pool, Hagiwara, 1981b (in Potter, 1982) think that: In Japan, 2.3 min/hr were violent, compared with 2.4 in the United States. In this country there are much more verbal violence than physical violence. Normally, the physical scenes of violence show persons suffering. Japan, has the highest rate of violence in cartoons: 14.3 scenes per hour (Potter, 1999). According to C.A.C (Audiovisual Council of Catalunya) www.audisualcat.net , in a Barcelona (Spain) local TV called BTV, the dominant topic inside news are the aggressions. This graph above shows the time for each new shown on TV. Violent images OPINIONS According to Lorry, 1997 (in Potter, 1999) a recent poll about the violence on TV shows that 70% of public opinion thinks that occasionally the violence on TV provokes people an aggressive behaviour. A U.S. News World Report (in Potter, 1999) poll found that: 92% of Americans think that the television contributes to violence in U.S. Bybee, Robinson, Turow, 1982 (in Potter, 1999) notes that: According to a poll of 500 college-level teachers and communication scholars, 66% believed that exposure to television increases aggressive behaviour. CONCLUSION According to CAC (Audiovisual Council of Catalunya) www.audisualcat.net, the professionals of the information have not a lot of references, which force them to adopt a critic attitude of their activity. Therefore the journalists responsibility is larger because they are who decide to broadcast the news as a show. The 11th and 12th of December, 2000 I went to a conference about informative treatment of personal tragedies that took place inside C.A.C (Audiovisual Council of Catalunya). In this conference, many important people talked about the journalists responsibility, right to inform, right to intimacy, repercussion, effects, consequences, etc. During two days they talked about a personal tragedy: 28 children died as a consequence of an accident between a truck and a bus in Soria (Spain). The 30th of March 2002 two trains crash face to face in Torredembarra (Spain). When that news was reported, every channel offered different information about the catastrophe. For example: while ones reported that there were 3 dead and 60 injured, others stated that there werent any dead and the injured were just 51. The journalists must assume the difficulty of their work. They have so much responsibility that they cant commit this kind of mistakes because the consequences can be huge. According to the law, the intimacy is a right. Although the journalists and the Audiovisual Companies know it, most of them dont respect it. The main problem is that although the affected people sue them, the problem doesnt disappear. The Audiovisual Companies think: if the affected people sue us, we would lose 70 millions. Ok! We will get 90 millions if we broadcast the violent images, therefore its better for us! Then my question is: what should a mother do if she sees how journalists record her dead son and she knows that although she can sue them, they will continue getting money thanks to it? BIBLIOGRAFY WEBS RESOURCES www.audiovisualcat.net/ http://www.boletinbit.tv/noticias/archivo/bit44_infotainment.htm BOOKS Potter, W. J. (1999) On Media Violence. United States: Sage Publications, Inc. JUDITH NAVARRO J0274939 BROADCAST JOURNALISM PHILIP CROOKES 9TH OF DECEMBER

A Birthday :: essays research papers

	Christina Rossetti’s poem "A Birthday" and Kate Chopin’s short story "The Story of an Hour" present conflicting attitudes toward love. In particular the speaker in Rossetti’s poem is anticipating and overjoyed by the arrival of her new found love, whereas the character in Chopin’s story, after the initial shock of her new found freedom , was overjoyed by the loss of her love. In the poem and short story several literary elements and techniques were used to convey these different attitudes toward love. 	A simile is comparison with one thing described as if it were another, using the words "like" or "as". In the poem similes are used to portray the joy of the speaker. Example of the joy of the speaker are found in the liens "My heart is like a singing bird", and "My heart is like a rainbow shell". In the story a simile is used in expressing the initial shock of the character. The words describing the characters shock are "a sob came up into her throat and shook her, as a child who has cried itself to sleep continues to sob in it’s dreams". 	Symbolism is the use of an object which represents itself and something beyond itself. A tree is a symbol used in both selections to convey there attitude towards love. In the poem the line "My heart is like an apple tree whose boughs are bent with thickset fruit" shows the happiness of the speaker and the fullness of her heart do to her new love. In the line "She could see in the open square before her house the tops of trees that were all quivering with the new spring life" The symbol of the tree is used to convey a different attitude towards love. It shows the excitement of the character for her rebirth and freedom obtained by the loss of her love. 	A character is a fugue who takes part in the action of a literary work. In the two selections the authors use two very different characters in conveying there different attitudes on love. In the poem the character is a young woman who by finding her love dreams of being like a queen at a banquet in a lavishly decorated room. This can be seen in the line "Raise me a dais of silk and down; Hang it with vair and purple dyes". In the story the character is an young woman who is looking forward to her future with out her love.

A Difference between Children and Adults

The topic is about of fears and phobias. It talks whether a phobia is genetic or learnt. It also describes the most common phobia:claustrophobia,and how best to treat phobias by gradually exposing the patien to their fear,and teaching them relaxation techniques. It then goes on to talk about the difference between a fear and phobia,and finally, it describes the strangest phobia of all,in which patients have fear of long words. It is certainly true that the children of phobics are more likely to be fearful and anxious, but it's difficult to say whether this is genetic or learnt.As the capacity to be anxious or fearful depends on a chemical balance in the brain, it is possible that this chemical imbalance is passed down from parent to child,. Children learn by watching how their parents, and other adults, react to the world around them. Parents need to be careful not to be too cautious or overemphasize danger, otherwise their children may be prone to developing phobias as they grow old er. Claustrophobia – the fear of enclosed spaces. Sufferers' basic fear is not of the enclosed space itself, but that they are not going to be able to escape from it.Even at home they often need to sit next to an open door so that they know that they'll be able to get out if they need to. Claustrophobics need to feel that they can get out of the car at a moment's notice, otherwise they suffer severe panic attacks. This can be very difficult on a motorway! And of course, they never take a lift, just in case it breaks down. Yes, of course they can. A phobia is a conditioned reflex, so the best treatment is to reverse the conditioning. In order to do so, sufferers of this phobiamust try to establish positive associations .This can be a very long and painful process and is based on gradual exposure to the object, linked to the practice of a range of relaxation techniques. One of the weirdest is hippopotomonstros esquippedaliophobia: the fear of long words. You can't help thinking that the name was chosen so that sufferers couldn't talk about their problem! People who suffer from this phobia often use abbreviations and acronyms. The structure of the present simple:Subject + VInfinitive We use the present simple: to talk about facts things that always true and permanent situations. Ex: She lives in a small flat.To talk about habits and actions that happen regularly. Ex: She drives the kids to school every day. The past simple tense is sometimes called the â€Å"preterite tense†. We can use several tenses and forms to talk about the past, but the past simple tense is the one we use most often. The structure of the past simple tense is:Subject + VERB+ed Examples:You called Debbie. We use the past simple: When we ask when the event happened. Ex: When did she arrive at Alice Springs? When we say when the event happened with time expressions like yesterday,last week, one night,that indicate a finished time.Ex: She got there two weeks ago. Everybody sometime s has a free time. Somebody prefers only to sleep in their leisure time, but most of us prefer to do a great number of interesting things. It may be reading, various types of sport games, watching TV, listening to music and so on. If we have a few day or a week we prefer to go to the attractive places. Many people think that pupils and studients have too much liesure time, but in my opinion, they are wrong. We are very busy. Many pupils have six or seven lessons a day and go to school five or six days a week.Even during weekend we learn our lessons. And we just have no time to go somewhere. Oldest of us are working after school or institute. As for me, a large part of my free time is devoted to reading. I like to read books about another countries, another times and another worlds. Also I read books about history of our country. Besides reading I like to do physical exercises. Me and my school friends often gather after school and play basketball, football or other active games. But my favorite hobby is travelling. Usually I travel in summer and often it is a trip to the south, to the warm sea.I think all people must have other occupations besides their basic work, because it extends the bounduries of the familar world and teaches us something new about people and things. N2 This article is about the life and work of the French artist ORLAN. It talks how she has become an internationally famous artist with performances aimed to shock her audience. Orlan. the star of the video, is probably the world's most well-known performance artist. She has had dozens of exhibitions around the world, she appears in fashion magazines and TV talk shows and collectors pay high prices for her pictures.She is a professor of fine arts at a prestigious college in Dijon and her work is supported by the French Ministry of Culture. She was bom in central France in 1947 and did her first performances at the age of eighteen. She later became a teacher but lost her job in 1977, as a res ult of a work that she had performed at an art fair in Paris. In the work, The kiss of the artist' she had sat behind a life size photograph of her body and sold kisses to the audience. At the end of each kiss, an electronic siren deafened the gallery. The work succeeded in shocking the public but Orian was out of a job.Orlan was getting more and more attention, but art lovers were unprepared for what came next. Her next major work – a video – was shown at the Lyons Centre of Contemporary Art. An ambulance had rushed the video to the Centre from the hospital where Orlan had just had an emergency operation. She had installed a video camera in the operating theatre, and the film became the first of her surgical performances. By the mid-1980s, her fame had led to work for the Ministry of Culture and a teaching position at Dijon, but international stardom came later, in the 1990s, after changing her appearance.Returning to the operating theatre, she began a series of plast ic surgery operations that continued for the next ten years. In each operation, a part of Orlan's body was changed, so that it looked like a beautiful bit of her favourite paintings – the forehead of Leonardo's Mona Lisa or the chin of Botticelli's Venus, for example. Galleries around the world showed films of the operations and Orlan's fame grew. Her self-portraits are her most recognizable paintings, but her work is conceptual, rather than figurative She describes herself as a feminist and says that her intention is to challenge traditional ideas of beauty.In the tradition of Marcel Duchamp, her work is designed to shock and provoke, not simply to be admired With the present simple, we often use adverbs of frequency to say ‘how often' we do something. Here's a list of common adverbs:Always,frequently,generally,hardly ever ,infrequently, never, normally occasionally, often, rarely ,regularly, seldom, sometimes, usually We usually put these adverbs in the middle of the sentence, between the subject and the verb: I often go to the cinema. She sometimes visits me at home. We usually drink coffee. We can also put them at the very beginning or end of the sentence.This makes them stronger: Often I go to the cinema. I go to the cinema often. But never: I go often to the cinema. Here are some other expressions we can use to say ‘how often'. All of these longer phrases go at the beginning or the end of the sentence but not in the middle. once in a while: I go to the cinema once in a while. every now and again: She drinks wine every now and again. from time to time: From time to time I visit my mother. N3 He was looking at a book and did not notice as I slipped into my chair. I arranged myself as 1 had been sitting before.As I turned my head to look over my left shoulder, he glanced up. At the same time the end of die yellow cloth came loose and fell over my shoulder. ‘Oh' I breathed, afraid that the cloth would fall from my head and reveal all my hair. But it held – only the end of the yellow cloth dangled free. My hair remained hidden. ‘Yes,' he said then. ‘That is it, Griet. Yes. ‘he said then. That is it great yes. ate in the evening, Van Ruijven managed to comer me in the hallway as I was passing along it with a lighted candle and a wine jug. Ah, the wide- eyed maid,' he cried, leaning into me. ‘Hello, my girl.'He grabbed my chin in his hand, his other hand pulling the candle up to light my face. 1 did not like die way he looked at me. ‘You should paint her,' he said over his shoulder. You must wear the other one as well,' he declared, picking up the second earring and holding it out to me. For a moment I could not speak. 1 wanted him to think of me, not the painting. ‘Why? ‘ I finally answered. ‘It can't be seen in the painting. ‘ ‘You must wear both,' he insisted. ‘It is a farce to wear only one. ‘ ‘But – my other ear is not pierced,' I faltered. ‘Then you must tend to it. ‘ He continued to hold it out.I reached over and took it. I did it for him. I got out a needle and clove oil and pierced my odier ear. I did not cry, or faint, or make a sound. Then I sat all morning and he painted the earring he could see, and I felt, stinging like fire in my other ear, the pearl he could not see. He had been working on the painting for almost two months, and though I had not seen it, I thought it must be close to done. He wafc no longer having me mix quantities of colour for it, but used tiny amounts and made few movements with his brushes. As I sat, I thought I had understood how he wanted me to be, but now I was not so sure.Sometimes he simply sat and looked at me as if he were waiting for me to do something. Then he was not like a painter, but like a man, and it was hard to look at him. †¢One day he announced suddenly, as I was sitting in my chair, ‘This will satisfy van Ruijven, but not m e. ‘ Make negatives by putting not after the first auxiliary verb. I haven't been doing it for that long. If there is no auxiliary verb (ie present simple and past simple) add do/does/did. Ex:I didn't know such a thing existed. Make questions by putting the subject between the auxiliary verb and the main verb.Structure:(auxiliary verb) subject verb. Ex:What was it used for in the first place? If there is no auxiliary verb (ie present simple and past simple) add do/does/did. Ex:Did he hart anybody? In questions with be put the subject after the verb. Are you a bit sensitive about it. If the question word who is the subject of the verb, do not use do/does/did with the present or past simple. Put the verb after the subject as in a normal statement. What happens if someone gets killed one day? In 1893, New Zealand took the historic step of becoming the first country in the world to grant the vote to all adult women.The decision came after a fifteen-year campaign led by Kate Shepp ard. Sheppard became a well-known historical figure in her own country where she can be seen on a ten-dollar bilL. She also travelled to Canada, the United States and Britain where she met other suffragettes who were fighting for the right to vote. By the time of her death in 1934, women in nearly twenty countries around the world had won the right to vote. New Zealand had its first woman prime minister in 1997 and ten years later, women had been elected heads of state on all five continents.N4 This article is about Ginny who sought help from a life coach to change her life style and stop smoking. In the article, Brian, Ginny’s life coach, describes what they do at the session, how Ginny has reacted to the coaching so far, and how successful he thinks she will be in giving up smoking. Ginny then describes her experience of attending the life coaching sessions, what successes she has had in trying to stop smoking, and when,in her opinion,she thinks she’ll stop smoking. Time adverbials show a relationship between one event and another.They help a speaker or writer to show the sequence of events in a native. To show the first in a series of actions:initially, at first,at the beginning,to begin with. To show that one action happens after another: afterwards,subsequently,after a wile,later on. To show the last in a series of actions: eventually,finally, in the end. The Man Booker Prize for Fiction is one of the world's most important literary prizes. It is awarded each year for the best original full-length novel written by a citizen of the Commonwealth or the Republic of Ireland in the English language.A panel of judges choose a short list of six novels from over 200 entrants. The short list is announced in September, and then a month later the prize is awarded in a special, televised ceremony. The winner of the Man Booker Prize receives ?50,000. In addition, both the winner and the short-listed authors are guaranteed a worldwide readership and a dra matic increase in book sales. N5 We can expect to see major changes in the home, too, and some rooms will look rather different. The kitchen and the bathroom, to name but two, will be unrecognizable. In the kitchen, for example hi-tech appliances will be revolutionized.Automatic waste disposal and a water purification system, among other things will become standard features of most kitchens. The new intelli-kitchen is already making our lives easier by looking after some of the dirtier jobs. Self-cleaning ovens, for instance, are already available in some shops. Cooking accidents, such as burnt toast or undercooked pasta, will be a thing of the past with self-timing appliances. And with a fridge that orders food direct from online home-delivery companies, you'll never run out of essentials like milk or orange juice.The changes will transform the lives of everyone, housewives in particular. In the bathroom of the future, †¦ English Idioms An idiom is a set expression which has a meaning different from the literal meanings of its components. Idioms present a great variety of structures and combinations that are mostly unchangeable and often not logical and may not follow basic rules of grammar. Idioms can be quite clear (in general; come out; at first; the root of all evil) or pretty unclear (on end; pack it in; high and low; hard cash).Some idioms have proper names in them (a Jack of all trades; Uncle Sam); some other idioms are comparisons (as clear as a bell; as the crow flies). Proverbs and sayings may also have idiomatic character (every cloud has a silver lining; still waters run deep). It is pointless to ask why idioms have such unusual structure or choice of words, or why they don't follow basic grammar rules. Let's just accept as fact that idioms are a difficult peculiarity of English. N6 This text is about how to exploit having a heavy cold, in order to get maximum attention and sympathy from work colleagues,family and friends.It goes through the different stages of having a cold from exaggerating the symptoms and getting sick leave from work, to what to do while you have the cold, and finally what happens when you goback to work. Use simple past, used to + infinitive and would + infinitive to talk about past habits. The earl liked dogs. His dogs used to have dinner with him. The servants would tie a napkin around their necks. Use used to to talk about both states and actions. Use would to talk about actions only. His family used to have a house in Hertfordshire. Not His family would have a house in Hertfordshire.Alternative medicines include a wide range of treatments and practices. Some stem from nineteenth century North America, such as Chiropractic and Naturopathy, some, mentioned by Jutte, originated in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Germany, such as homeopathyand hydropathy,[56] some have originated in China or India. The following examples include some of the more common methods in use. Most therapies can be consi dered as part of five broad classes; biological based approaches, energy therapies, alternative medical systems, muscle and joint manipulation and mind body therapies.Indian Dhanvantari, an incarnation of Krishna[111] and the Lord of Ayurveda worshiped at an ayurveda expo, Bangalore In Japanese Reiki, it is believed that supernatural energies flow from the palms of the healer into the patient near Chakras, influencing disease. Alternative medical systems are complete health systems with their own approaches to diagnosis and treatment that differ from the conventional biomedical approach to health. Some are cultural systems such as Ayurveda and Traditional Chinese Medicine, while others, such as Homeopathy and Naturopathy are relatively recent and were developed in the West.  [103]Writing as a historian Matthew Ramsey has asked whether some counter-hegemonic medicines are better understood as manifestations of more general developments in the larger society, or as the product of a coherent alternative world view. N7 This article is about Office Doctors, a company with spezializes in using alternative therapies to reduce the amout of stress-related illnesses in the workplace. With stress-related illness on the increase, and workers starting to sue their companies for chronic back pain, more and more companies arc turning to alternative therapies to help reduce the levels of stress in their workplace.The Office Doctors is one of a growing number of companies which claim they can reduce work related stress by making workplaces healthier and happier. They talked us through one of their makeovers. A small accountancy firm had been experiencing problems with staff illness and low morale. When a new office manager was appointed she decided to call in the Office Doctors. The offices were housed in an old building, there were a number of basic stress factors that needed immediate attention: the light, the colour scheme, the furniture. ‘There was an enormous amou nt of work to do.But we had to make sure that we didn't disrupt the day to day work of the office. ‘ The only solution was to j work at weekends. It meant we had to work fast but it also meant we could work in peace and we didn't have to worry about getting in the way of the staff. ‘The colour therapist, Liz, w? as the first in. She chose a range of calming blues and greens for the offices and reception area. ‘Blue is a particularly calming colour and ideal in counterbalancing high levels of stress,' she explained,. In the staff rest area she decided to use colours that stimulate and energize. ‘Yellow heightens motivation and orange stimulates creativity.The rest area doesn't just provide a break from work, but helps the staff go back to their desks with renewed energy and enthusiasm. ‘. Being an old building the windows were small and let in very little natural light. As she couldn't install new windows, Liz installed full spectrum fluorescent lights i nstead. ‘Full spectrum lights have all the colours and wavelengths of natural light and studies show that they have a very positive effect in lighting stress and depression. ‘ Next came the aromatherapist, Jules. ‘Chosen with care, essential oils can o reduce stress and boost immunity,' he explained.He chose a blend of lemon, bergamol. and lavender for the central diffusion system. ‘Recent tests have shown that the use of lemon can reduce typing errors by more than 50%, so we're not only fighting stress and promoting health, we're also increasing productivity. ‘ Finally Clara, our massage expert, came in and assessed the ergonomics of each work station. These people have to sit at their desks for up to eight hours a day. Very often they aren't allowed to get up except for short coffee breaks. So they really must make sure that they are looking after their backs as well as they possibly can.' Back pain is the second most common reason for visits to the d octor. She helped each member of staff find the correct desk and chair height, and showed them the best position for their computer screen. She also persuaded the company to invest in ergonomic keyboards and cordless mouses as well as cordless phones. The phones mean that staff don't have to take their phone calls at their desks. Now they can get up and stretch their legs. In addition, each member of staff can request a massage at their desks once a week. ‘Everybody should have regular massage sessions.Not only does it help ease back pains, it also relieves built up tensions and revitalizes. ‘ The changes have made a huge difference/ said the Managing Director, Absenteeism has gone down by a staggering 30% and everyone seems to be much happier. ‘ Use the present perfect to talk about actions and states that started in the past and continue in the present. I've worked here for over three years now. She's been really stressed since she started her new job. to talk ab out actions that happened during a period of time which is unfinished. I've seen him at least three times this week. to talk about past actions when the time is not stated.I've been to Rome twice before. The structure of the present perfect tense is: subject + auxiliary verb + main verb have past participle You have eaten mine. We use the past perfect simple to talk about what happened before a point in the past. It looks back from a point in the past to further in the past. Ex:I hadn't known the bad news when I spoke to him. I checked with the supplier and they still hadn't received the contract. The past perfect simple is often used when we report what people had said/thought/believed. Ex:He told me they had already paid the bill. He said he believed that John had moved to Italy.N8 This text is about a condition called Celebrety Worship Syndrome in which people have an unhealthy obsession with celebrities. The text gives an example of this obsessive behavior by talking about the f ans who attended the first showing of the final instalment of the Star Wars series in Britain. The article also states that being interested in celebrities could have a positive effect on people,if it doesn’t become an addiction. Use the present perfect to talk about actions and states that started in the past and continue in the present. I've worked here for over three years now. She's been really stressed since she started her new job.To talk about actions that happened during a period of time which is unfinished. I've seen him at least three times this week. to talk about past actions when the time is not stated. I've been to Rome twice before. The structure of the present perfect tense is: subject + auxiliary verb + main verb have past participle You have eaten mine. The past simple tense is sometimes called the â€Å"preterite tense†. We can use several tenses and forms to talk about the past, but the past simple tense is the one we use most often. The structure o f the past simple tense is:Subject + VERB+ed Examples:You called Debbie.We use the past simple: When we ask when the event happened. Ex: When did she arrive at Alice Springs? When we say when the event happened with time expressions like yesterday,last week, one night,that indicate a finished time. Ex: She got there two weeks ago. Whether you're just starting your career or you're looking for a job change, it can be helpful to review a list of â€Å"good jobs† – the jobs where a lot of openings are projected and the jobs where openings are increasing faster than for other occupations. The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) lists jobs in both categories.Some jobs require significant training, but other don't. For example, food service workers, home care aides, and landscapers are all on the list of jobs with the greatest number of openings and short-term on-the-job training is provided for these types of jobs. You don't need a college education or additional training beyo nd high school. with projections from the BLS, for jobs where the outlook is good as far as potential job opportunities. To find these types of job openings, use the job search engines to search by keyword or job title i. e. retail sales and the location where you want to work.Here's how to search for jobs by location Largest Number of Projected New Jobs Registered nurses Home health aides Customer service representatives Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food Personal and home care aides Retail salespersons Office clerks, general N24 The text is about the history of the Cocos Island, which was,in the past,a hiding place for pirate treasure,and how this island still attracts treasure hunters to it,who are hoping to find buried treasure. Below we have a list of Phrasal verbs that begin with LOOK and then an explanation of each one with some examples.Look after,Look away,Look for,Look into,Look out,Look through,Look up,Look up to This is not a complete list . We will add more Phrasal Verbs with LOOK when we can. Look after (someone or something) 1. = to take care of. 2. = to make sure that someone is safe and well. Make sure you look after yourself. I don't want you to be ill due to this weather. I have to look after my son tonight. Look away1. = to turn your eyes away from someone or something that you were looking at. The accident was so horrible that I had to look away. She looked away in embarrassment. Look for (someone or something)= to search for something or someone. 2. = to try and find something or someone Can you help me look for my brother, he was meant to be here 20 minutes ago. I am looking for my black shirt have you seen it? Look into Normally – Look into (something) 1. = to find out more about something in order to improve the situation. 2. = to investigate or examine. The manager promised to look into my complaintI will look into this matter and see what I can do about it. Look out 1. = to be careful. 2. = to av oid imminent danger. Look out! An angry dog is coming your way. Look out! There is a broken bottle near your foot.Look through 1. = to examine something, usually quickly. I must look through this report to establish the full story. I will look through my email to see if I can find your request. Look up 1. = to search for information (usually in a book) I need to look that word up in the dictionary, I have never heard it before. I will look up your number when I get to Santiago. Look up to 1. = to respect or admire someone. I really look up to my father. She will always look up to her father as he had such a positive effect on her youth. Alex li Tandem sells autographs- a small blip in a huge worldwide network of desire.It is his business to hunt for names on paper, collect them, sell them end occasionally fake them,end all to give people what they want a little piece of Fame. But what does Alex want? Only the return his father,the reinstatement of some kind of all powerfull benevole nt Godtype figure, something for his headache,three different girls,and the rare autograph of forties movie actress,Kitty Alexander. N25 Nominated for three Oscars when it was released in 2003, Girl with a Pearl Earring tells the story of the Dutch painter, Vermeer, and the creation of one of his most famous paintings.It is an adaptation of a novel by Tracy Chevalier of the same name. The subject of the portrait, Girl with a Pearl Earring, is Vermeer's servant, Griet, who gets to know the artist while sitting for the picture. The role of Griet is played to perfection by Scarlett Johansson, who also starred in the memorable Lost in Translation of the same ) year. Colin Firth (Bridget Jones' Diary, Love Actually and Nanny McPhee), is excellent in the role of Vermeer, and Tom Wilkinson is convincingly revolting as Vermeer's patron, Van Ruijven, who wants to buy Griet.What is most memorable about Girl with a Pearl Earring is its 3 hypnotic beauty. The scenes are shot in lovingly recreat ed Delft of 1665 and the light and the detail come straight out of one of Vermeer's paintings. The cast are dressed in lavish costumes by the Dutch designer, Dien van Straalen, and the camerawork of Eduardo Serra is exquisite. Girl with a Pearl Earring received ) mixed reviews, but it has stood the test of time well. The film appeals to more adult tastes and carries a PG 13 Sertificate We use unreal conditional sentences to talk about imaginary, impossible or improbable situations.We use a past tense (simple or continuous) to describe a present or future situation. If we had more time, †¦ (= But we don't have more time. ) We use the past perfect to describe a past situation. If we had arrived earlier, †¦ (= But we didn't arrive earlier. ) We use would/could/might + infinitive to describe a present or future result of our hypothesis. If we had more time, we'd sit in the park/we could visit the museum. We use would/might/could + have + past participle to describe a past resu lt of our hypothesis. If we'd arrived earlier, we would have paid less/we might have got a better seat.Conditional sentences can begin with either the condition or the result. If I were yoiz, I wouldn't do that. I wouldn't do that if I were you. In unreal conditions, was and were are both used as the past form of be. Some people think that were is more correct. If I were you/If she were here/If he were alive A present situation can have a past result, and a past situation can have a present result. If I had more money (ie now/in general), I wouldn't have walked (ie in the past). If she had tried harder (ie in the past), she wouldn't be where she is today.Conditionals are sometimes described in the following way: Type 1: If + simple present, will + infinitive Type 2: If + simple past, would + infinitive Type 3: If + past perfect, would + have + past participle Wildlife traditionally refers to non-domesticated animal species, but has come to include all plants, fungi and other organis ms which grow or live wild in an area without being introduced by humans. [1] Domesticating wild plant and animal species for human benefit has occurred many times all over the planet, and has a major impact on the environment, both positive and negative.Wildlife can be found in all ecosystems. Deserts, forests, rain forests, plains, grasslands, and other areas including the most developed urbansites, all have distinct forms of wildlife. While the term in popular culture usually refers to animals that are untouched by human factors,[2] most scientists agree that wildlife around is affected by human activities. Humans have historically tended to separate civilization from wildlife in a number of ways including the legal, social, and moral sense. Some animals, however, have adapted to suburban environments.This includes such animals as domesticated cats, dogs, mice, and gerbils. Religions have often declared certain animals to be sacred, and in modern times concern for the natural env ironment has provoked activists to protest the exploitation of wildlife for human benefit or entertainment. N23 Only 150 years ago, the San Fernando Valley in North Hollywood was a rural farming area, but it is now home to some of the world's most famous film studios: Walt Disney, NBC TV, Warner Brothers and Universal. California's year-round good weather, natural light and a wide variety of locations made it ideal for early film-makers.As a result, the scenery of Los Angeles and Southern California is better-known than anywhere else in the world. Universal Studios has become a major tourist attraction, although some of the other studios give a better idea of how films are made. The time clauses in the English language are introduced by conjunctions such as after, as soon as, before, till, until, when, whenever, while or time expressions such as the minute, the moment etc. We do not use the future tense (will) in a time clause to describe future activities (in this respect, it it si milar to if clauses).Ex: When I finish writing the reports, I will go out with my friends. Murat will visit all his relatives before he joins the army. What will you do after you finish the French course? They will go to the beach as soon as they have their breakfast. Paintball is a sport[2][3][4] in which players compete; in teams or individually, to eliminate opponents by tagging them with capsules containing water soluble dye and gelatin shell outside (referred to as paintballs) propelled from a device called a paintball marker(commonly referred to as a paintball gun).Paintballs are composed of a non-toxic, biodegradable, water soluble polymer. The game is regularly played at a sporting level with organized competition involving major tournaments, professional teams, and players. [5][6] Paintball technology is also used by military forces, law enforcement, para-military and security organizations to supplement military training, as well as playing a role in riot response, and non -lethal suppression of dangerous suspects. Games can be played on very hard floors in indoor fields, or outdoor fields of varying sizes.A game field is scattered with natural or artificial terrain, which players use for tactical cover. Game types in paintball vary, but can include capture the flag, elimination, ammunition limits, defending or attacking a particular point or area, or capturing objects of interest hidden in the playing area. Depending on the variant played, games can last from seconds to hours, or even days in scenario play. The legality of paintball varies among countries and regions. In most areas where regulated play is offered, players are required to wear protective masks, and game rules are strictly enforced.Sometimes masks are not required. N22 This article is about a webpage which gives information,news and advice environmental issues. It also gives advice and encouragement to people to try and adopt a lifestyle that isn’t so damaging to the environment . A type of noun clause (or a free relative clause) that begins with the word what. In a declarative sentence, a what-clause may serve as the subject (usually followed by a form of the verb be), a subject complement, or an object. (See Examples and Observations, below. â€Å"Money was what I wanted. Other people's money.What I wanted was impossible. It was a wish for the whole affair to have been imaginary Ian was born in London some time after the Second World War. Father was a brewer, mother a housewife, and maternal grandmother a Duck (her maiden name), who cooked for a wealthy family of Russian furriers in a large London house. He thinks he got his culinary flair from Mrs Duck via his mum – though didn't learn to make borscht until some years later. Moved to Belgium at age 9, where he began cooking. Went to an early Montessori School – he thinks it was the second that Maria Montessori founded.He was exiled to England for schooling while parents continued living in Brussels. Concurrently educated and bullied at King's School, Rochester, Kent – Britain's second oldest school. (It seems ‘second’ was his thing. ) He learnt acting, cunning and survival. Undistinguished academically, he won a drama award and was captain of fencing and shooting. He also threw the javelin in the athletics team. He eschewed ball games for sports with a point to them – or a bullet. He was expelled from school for partying and, after a spell making false teeth for a Polish refugee's plastics company, he became a journalist.  (This is all true, by the way).Ian worked on magazines and thrived in Fleet Street's wine bar and pub scene, before moving to Australia in 1971, working as a PR consultant then joining the ABC in 1973 as a Publicity Officer. He survived ABC TV's rigorous Producer Training Course and became a producer/director in 1974. He mostly worked in News/Current Affairs, music and sport. His first production was Fats and Figures â €“ a five-minute food programme! He started Rock Arena and Talking Pictures, and won Penguin Awards for two Leeuwin Estate Concerts (with Dame Kiri Te Kanawa and James Galway, and Dionne Warwick.)He was producer of AFI Awards, America's Cup coverage, World Swimming Championships, among other major multi-camera productions. He started Consuming Passions in 1992, his first on-camera appearance. Ian has now done 10 series – 450 shows – which have screened in Australia and several other countries including the UK, Singapore and Ireland. He has produced 11 recipe collections and two ‘serious' books, Cooking with Passion (ABC Books) and Sheer Bottled Bliss – A Margaret River Memoir (HarperCollins), won an Australian Award for Literary Excellence in 2004.In 1995 Ian won the Presenters' Prize at the Festival de la Telegourmande in France, and the following year won the Festival Grand Prix for best TV food show. He has been a columnist with The Sunday Age newsp aper and has contributed to Australia Today magazine and the West Australian. He is a regular contributor to Delicious magazine. With colleague David Evans, Ian launched the Tasting Australia food and wine festival in Adelaide in 1997. The festival takes place every two years. Ian and David received a Jaguar Award for Excellence in 2001- in association with Australian Gourmet Traveler – for Tasting Australia.His company, Consuming Passions Pty Ltd also works in Los Angeles on Australia Week, a major promotion of Australian food, wine, film, fashion, business and investment, tourism and travel. Ian lives in Margaret River, Western Australia, where he and his partner Ann produce a highly regarded Chardonnay (Artamus) from grapes that they grow. He plays piano, guitar and blues harmonica in his spare time, draws and writes; loves dining and wine tasting, comedy; mowing the vines, travel and British crime on TV. He believes in Slow Food and in supporting Australian producers in t heir efforts to create and market the best foods in the UniverseN21 Someone found a priceless hoard of 3,000 Saxon coins yesterday as a woman was digging in her back garden. 2Someone had packed the coins into a wooden box which broke as 3she was digging it out of the ground. The coins are in the care of a local museum where 4 museum workers are cleaning them in a special laboratory. (5) Someone will then take them to the museum in York for further examination. A legal expert said that even though Mrs Barrett found the coins on her property, (6) the local authorities could still rule them as the property of the state. so & suchWe use so and such to make adjectives, adverbs and nouns stronger or more emphatic. So + adjective big, small, cheap, expensive + adverb well badly; nearly, s/ouly so + many/few/much/little many/few people, much/little advice so + (a/an) noun a pity, luck, friends such , , * . so+ (a/an) adjective + noun a nice day, happy memories If we want to express a conseq uence, we follow the so/such phrase with that + clause. We can omit that in informal situations. They were so cheap (that) I bought ten. (= I bought ten because they were very cheap. ) He drives so slowly (that) well never get there.It was such a nice day (that) we decided to go to the beach. Kevin Costner, a famous American actor, was born in Los Angeles. He spent his childhood often on the move, changing schools frequently, owing to his father's job at the regional electricity company. As a teenager, he developed a keen liking for football, baseball and basket-ball and was also interested in singing and writing poetry. He married his college sweetheart Cindy whilst still at California State University and came out with a business degree in marketing. In his spare time he appeared in local theatre.Theatre became increasingly important to him and after having worked six weeks in a marketing company, he gave the job up to become an actor. He played in many small part roles before his principle role which was not a success. However Costner himself was given good reviews. In 1987 his starring role in â€Å"The Untouchables† and â€Å"No Way Out† really introduced him to international fame. Indeed, he won the Star of Tomorrow prize from the U. S. National Association of Theatre Owners. Then in 1988 came â€Å"Bull Durham† which was a huge hit movie in the States about baseball.His subsequent film â€Å"Field of Dreams† was also a success and touched baseball again. Then came the violent drama movie â€Å"Revenge† followed by his first directorial debut film â€Å"Dances With Wolves† in which he also starred and which won 7 Oscars. His movie â€Å"Robin Hood, Prince of the Thieves† was also a great success. I like this actor because the characters he plays are strong personalities, wise people who are worthy of my admiration. In my opinion, this is the reason of his growing popularity in many, countries. He is not on ly a talented actor, whose acting draws your attention the very moment you see his face on the screen.But he is also a successful producer and continues working at his new films which are certain to amuse the people. N20 Harrison Ford flies to the rescue Harrison Ford volunteered to fly his own helicopter to rescue a boy scout who had got lost on a camping expedition in Yellowstone National Park. After a search with dogs failed to find the boy scout, two air rescue teams were called in. Harrison Ford, better known for his heroics as the archaeologist, Indiana Jones, was piloting one of the helicopters which searched the Wyoming forest throughout the night. Harrison Ford and his team eventually found the boy scout early the next morning.He was cold and tired but very excited when he found out that not only was he going to ride in a helicopter, but that he had been rescued by Harrison Ford. The use of articles with geographical names has certain patterns. For example, the name of a ri ver is used with the definite article, and the name of a lake is used without any article. The name of one mountain (or one island) is used without any article, and the name of a mountain chain (or a group of islands) is used with the definite article. The meaning may change depending on the presence or absence of the definite article.For example, Mississippi is the state of Mississippi, while the Mississippi is the Mississippi River. The words â€Å"north, east, south, nothern, western, central†, and the like are capitalized if they are part of the geographical name (the North Sea, Northern Ireland, Central America) or part of the name of the region regarded as a unit (the West, Western Europe, the East, the Far East). If such words are used for indicating direction or as descriptive terms, they are usually not capitalized (the north, the west, the southeast, the south of France, western Asia, northern Africa, central Australia).Ex: the Western Hemisphere, the Eastern Hemisp here, the Northern Hemisphere, the Southern Hemisphere; They invited us round for dinner,which was nice. Sue cooked a special Greek dish that she;d had on holiday. It was delicious,with fresh vine leaves that she;d managed to buy at the local market. Her sister was there too,the one who has just come back from the States. She was looking very glomours in a little back cocktail dress that she’d picked up in the New Yourk. It covered in tiny little sequens that glowed in the candlelight. John couldn’t take his eyes off her all night!

Coffee Speech Essay

General Purpose: Informal Specific Purpose: is on the topic of caffeine†¦ its beneficial effects AND its negative effects. Statement: also to inform coffee users about coffee. Introduction IOpen with impact: before you go to Starbucks store buy take and take a sip of your favorite coffee†¦ AWouldn’t you want to know a better about what you benefit and don’t out of your coffee? B I drink a lot of coffee, so I was wondering how that might affect my health CThis inspired me to do some research on the subject II Thesis: This knowledge better informs the user on what they are investing their money in. Connect: What you whant to know about caffeine is, A. Why do most humans use it. BWhat products have it CWhat are the advantages and disadvantages Preview: How many of you here consider yourself caffeine addicts? How much coffee do you drink in a day? One cup? Two cups? More? How about caffeinated sodas? Body I. Main point: Caffeine is pervasive in our society these days and every few months we hear about how a study has shown that it is bad for us or good for us. What are we to believe? A. Benefits B. Disadvantages C. Safe levels of caffeine consumption D. Effects on the body II. Main point: Today, I’d like to give you some of the facts about caffeine and its effects on your body. I may not cause you to change your coffee consumption, but at least you’ll be better informed about what you are putting into your body. III. (Transitional sentence: I’m going to talk about the beneficial effects of caffeine, the negative effects and discuss what are considered to be ‘safe’ levels of caffeine consumption Main point: Let’s start with the good news. Caffeine, which comes from the leaves, seeds and fruits of about 63 different plants, is well known as a stimulant. That’s why people drink it, right? A. Caffeine does help you wake up and feel more alert and it has been shown to increase attention spans. 1. This is a beneficial effect for people who are driving long distances and for people who are doing tedious work. 2. Calling this a health benefit may be stretching it, though staying awake while you are driving a car definitely contributes to your well-being! 3. Caffeine also contains antioxidants, which have been shown to have cancer prevention qualities 4. When consumed in small quantities – for example, when you have one cup of coffee or one soda – caffeine can increase your heart rate, cause you to urinate more (which can cause dehydration) and prompt your digestive system to produce more acid. B. When larger amounts of caffeine (over 600 mg per day) are ingested over long periods of time, they can cause sleep problems, depression and digestion issues, and headaches when not used. 1. Transition: According to a Medline article on the National Institutes of Health website, having caffeine in your diet is not of any benefit to your health, but by the same token moderate consumption is not considered harmful. 2. They say that having up to 3 eight ounce cups of coffee a day – or 250 mg of caffeine – is considered (quote) â€Å"average or moderate†. 10 cups of coffee a day is considered excessive. Also, remember that the amount of caffeine per cup can vary greatly depending on the type of beans that are used and the strength of the brew. Conclusion Summarize: As you can see, caffeine can have both positive and negative effects on our health and well-being. Nevertheless, the bottom line is that if you drink your coffee or sodas in moderation, you don’t have to worry too much. Close with impact: So, the next time you are wondering whether or not you should have that second cup of coffee to perk you up, relax. At least now you know what it will – and won’t – do for you! References before you go to Starbucks or any other coffee selling store or brands, buy and take and take a sip of your favorite coffee, Wouldn’t you want to know better about what you benefit and don’t out of your coffee? I drink a lot of coffee, so I was wondering how that might affect my health, this inspired me to do some research on the subject. This knowledge better informs the user on what they are investing their money in, Why do most humans use it, what products have it, what are the advantages and disadvantages. How many of you here consider yourself caffeine addicts? How much coffee do you drink in a day? One cup? Two cups? More? How about caffeinated sodas? : Caffeine is pervasive in our society these days and every few months we hear about how a study has shown that it is bad for us or good for us. What are we to believe? But Today, I’d like to give you some of the facts about caffeine and its effects on your body. I may not cause you to change your coffee consumption, but at least you’ll be better informed about what you are putting into your body, I’m going to talk about the beneficial effects of caffeine, the negative effects and discuss what are considered to be ‘safe’ levels of caffeine consumption. Let’s start with the good news. Caffeine, which comes from the leaves, seeds and fruits of about 63 different plants, Caffeine does help you wake up and feel more alert and it has been shown to increase attention spans. It’s well known as a stimulant. That’s why people drink it, right? This is a beneficial effect for people who are driving long distances and for people who are doing tedious work, calling this a health benefit may be stretching it, though staying awake while you are driving a car definitely contributes to your well-being! Caffeine also contains antioxidants, which have been shown to have cancer prevention qualities, When consumed in small quantities – for example, when you have one cup of coffee or one soda – caffeine can increase your heart rate, cause you to urinate more which can cause dehydration but it can prompt your digestive system to produce more acid. When larger amounts of caffeine over 600 mg per day are ingested over long periods of time, they can cause sleep problems, depression and digestion issues, and headaches when it’s not used. According to a Medline article on the National Institutes of Health website, having caffeine in your diet is not of any benefit to your health, but by the same token moderate consumption is not considered harmful. They say that having up to 3 eight ounce cups of coffee a day or 250 mg of caffeine is considered â€Å"average or moderate† now 10 cups of coffee a day is considered excessive. Also, remember that the amount of caffeine per cup can vary greatly depending on the type of beans that are used and the strength of the brew. As you can see, caffeine can have both positive and negative effects on our health and well-being. Nevertheless, the bottom line is that if you drink your coffee or sodas in moderation, you don’t have to worry too much. So, the next time you are wondering whether or not you should have that second cup of coffee to perk you up, relax. At least now you know what it will – and won’t – do for you!

Why Babies Are Born With Blue Eyes

Why Babies Are Born With Blue Eyes You may have heard that all babies are born with blue eyes.  You inherit your eye color from your parents, but no matter what the color is now, it may have been blue when you were born. Why? When you were an infant, melanin- the brown pigment molecule that colors your skin, hair, and eyes- hadnt been fully deposited in the irises of your eyes or darkened by exposure to ultraviolet light. The iris is the colored part of the eye that controls the amount of light that is allowed to enter. Like hair and skin, it contains the pigment, possibly to help protect the eye from the sun. How Melanin Affects Eye Color Melanin is a protein. Like other proteins, the amount and type your body produces are coded into your genes. Irises containing a large amount of melanin appear black or brown. Less melanin produces green, gray, or light brown eyes. If your eyes contain very small amounts of melanin, they will appear blue or light gray. People with albinism have no melanin in their irises at all. Their eyes may appear pink because the blood vessels in the back of their eyes reflect light. Melanin production generally increases during the first year of a babys life, leading to a deepening of eye color. The color is often stable by about six months of age, but it may take as long as two years to fully develop. However, several factors can affect eye color, including the use of certain medications and environmental factors. Some people experience changes in eye color over the course of their lives. In some cases, people can even have eyes of two different colors. Even the genetics of eye color inheritance isnt as cut-and-dried as was once thought, as blue-eyed parents have been known (rarely) to have a brown-eyed child. Furthermore, not all babies are born with blue eyes. A baby may start out with gray eyes, even if they ultimately become blue.  Babies of African, Asian, and Hispanic descent are more likely to be born with brown eyes. This is because darker-skinned individuals tend to have more melanin in their eyes than Caucasians. Even so, a babys eye color may deepen over time. Also, blue eyes are still possible for babies of dark-skinned parents. This is more common in preterm babies because melanin deposition takes time. Humans arent the only animals that experience eye color changes. For example,  kittens are often born with blue eyes, too. In cats, the initial eye color change is fairly dramatic because they develop so much more quickly than humans. Feline eye color changes over time even in adult cats, generally stabilizing after a couple of years. Even more interesting, eye color sometimes changes with the seasons. For example, scientists have learned that reindeer eye color changes in the winter. This is so that reindeer can see better in the dark. Its not only their eye color that changes, either. The collagen fibers in the eye change their spacing in the winter to keep the pupil more dilated, allowing the eye to capture as much light as possible.

3 Examples of Restructuring In-Line Lists

3 Examples of Restructuring In-Line Lists 3 Examples of Restructuring In-Line Lists 3 Examples of Restructuring In-Line Lists By Mark Nichol â€Å"In-line list† is simply a fancy term for a list of things in a sentence that aren’t treated as a vertical list- that is, a list formatted so that each item is positioned below the previous one (often with a number, letter, bullet, or other symbol to set the items off visually from each other and sometimes represent a hierarchy or sequence). As with vertical lists, careless organization of list items in in-line lists results in syntactically flawed sentences such as those shown below. However, as opposed to vertical lists, which often err in grammatical inconsistency of the items, in-line lists are often marred by a poor organization of list items (and items in lists within lists) and incorrect use of transitional elements such as conjunctions and punctuation marks. A discussion and a revision after each example explains the error and illustrates a solution. 1. The category includes those with low incomes, poor credit history, inadequate documentation, or those living with a disability, illness, or those with a criminal record. This sentence unhelpfully makes no distinction between three categories of list items: financial, medical, and legal complications. The revision reorganizes the unstructured collection of six items into these categories: â€Å"The category includes those with low incomes, poor credit history, or inadequate documentation, those living with a disability or illness, or those with a criminal record.† (Because one category itself constitutes a list of three items, some writers may prefer to mark the three larger divisions with semicolons rather than commas, but because of the repetitive phrasing beginning with those, the more potent punctuation is not necessary.) 2. They build large capital reserves, have great relationships with their lenders, and trusting relationships with their customers, vendors, and shareholders. Here, five elements are syntactically structured as a list, but the third item (which itself refers to three things) lacks a verb, so the sentence structure is flawed: â€Å"They build large capital reserves, have great relationships with their lenders, and have trusting relationships with their customers, vendors, and shareholders.† (Similar to the previous example, because the distinct items are clearly indicated by parallel use of verbs, no hand-holding replacement of commas with semicolons is necessary in this case.) Another option is to revise this sentence using conjunctions in place of some punctuation marks: â€Å"They build large capital reserves and have great relationships with their lenders and trusting relationships with their customers, vendors, and shareholders.† 3. Do we have a great team, a strong road map, and the required processes, systems and alliances, and sufficient resources to sustain our journey?      In this case, the sentence is almost correct, but qualifying resources with sufficient renders it a syntactical orphan. The simplest solution is to omit the adjective and allow resources to share required with the items that precede it: â€Å"Do we have a great team and a strong road map, as well as the required processes, systems and alliances, and resources to sustain our journey?†Ã‚   If you feel that resources does not belong with the other items as shown in the revision above, consider this solution: â€Å"Do we have a great team and a strong road map- as well as the required processes, systems and alliances- and resources to sustain our journey?† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Comparative Forms of AdjectivesComma Before ButThrew and Through